Palavras-chave
longevidade ativa
envelhecimento ativo
interdisciplinaridade
bem-estar
Como Citar
Resumo
O envelhecimento populacional constitui um dos principais desafios das sociedades contemporâneas, exigindo respostas integradas nos domínios científico, social, educativo e político. Neste contexto, as estratégias inovadoras de estimulação cognitiva têm assumido um papel central na promoção da longevidade ativa, contribuindo para a manutenção das funções cognitivas, da autonomia, da participação social e da qualidade de vida ao longo do processo de envelhecimento. O presente artigo tem como objetivo realizar uma revisão bibliográfica sistematizada e interdisciplinar sobre estratégias de estimulação cognitiva promotoras da longevidade ativa, com base na análise crítica de estudos empíricos e contributos teóricos provenientes das áreas da saúde, sociologia, psicologia e educação. A metodologia consistiu numa revisão sistematizada da literatura científica publicada entre 2000 e 2024, recorrendo às bases de dados Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed e SciELO. A pesquisa inicial resultou em 312 publicações; após leitura de títulos e resumos, 94 artigos foram selecionados para leitura integral e 48 cumpriram os critérios de inclusão. A seleção dos estudos e a extração dos dados foram realizadas de forma independente por dois revisores, sendo as divergências resolvidas por consenso. Os resultados evidenciam benefícios consistentes das intervenções de estimulação cognitiva ao nível do bem-estar psicológico, da autoeficácia, da reserva cognitiva, da participação social e da qualidade de vida. Foram igualmente identificadas divergências na operacionalização das intervenções e lacunas relevantes, nomeadamente a escassez de estudos longitudinais e a limitada integração de fatores socioculturais. Conclui-se que a estimulação cognitiva constitui um recurso estratégico na promoção de trajetórias de envelhecimento mais ativas, inclusivas e sustentáveis.Referências
Bahar-Fuchs, A., Clare, L. & Woods, B. (2013). Cognitive training and cognitive rehabilitation for persons with mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer’s or vascular type: A review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2013(6), CD003260. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003260.pub2
Ball, K., Berch, D. B., Helmers, K. F., Jobe, J. B., Leveck, M. D., Marsiske, M., Morris, J. N., Rebok, G. W., Smith, D. M., Tennstedt, S. L., Unverzagt, F. W. & Willis, S. L. (2002). Effects of cognitive training interventions with older adults: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 288(18), 2271–2281. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.18.2271
Baltes, P. B. & Baltes, M. M. (1990). Successful aging: Perspectives from the behavioral sciences. Cambridge University Press.
Baltes, P. B. & Smith, J. (2003). New frontiers in the future of aging: From successful aging of the young old to the dilemmas of the fourth age. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 58(6), P249–P253. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/58.6.P249
Bassuk, S. S., Glass, T. A. & Berkman, L. F. (1999). Social disengagement and incident cognitive decline in community-dwelling elderly persons. Annals of Internal Medicine, 131(3), 165–173. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-131-3-199908030-00002
Calasanti, T. & Slevin, K. (2001). Gender, social inequalities, and aging. AltaMira Press.
Clare, L., Wilson, B. A., Carter, G., Roth, I. & Hodges, J. R. (2003). Cognitive rehabilitation as a component of early intervention in Alzheimer’s disease: A single case study. Aging & Mental Health, 7(1), 15–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360786021000006950
Cohen, G. D., Perlstein, S., Chapline, J., Kelly, J., Firth, K. M. & Simmens, S. (2006). The impact of professionally conducted cultural programs on the physical health, mental health, and social functioning of older adults. The Gerontologist, 46(6), 726–734. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/46.6.726
Fernández-Ballesteros, R., Robine, J. M., Walker, A. & Kalache, A. (2013). Active aging: A global goal. Current Gerontology and Geriatrics Research, 2013, 298012. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/298012
Field, J. (2009). Lifelong learning and the new educational order. Trentham Books.
Formosa, M. (2012). Education and older adults at the University of the Third Age. Educational Gerontology, 38(2), 114–126. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601277.2010.515910
Formosa, M. (2014). Four decades of universities of the third age: Past, present, future. Ageing & Society, 34(1), 42–66. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X12000797
Fratiglioni, L., Paillard-Borg, S. & Winblad, B. (2004). An active and socially integrated lifestyle in late life might protect against dementia. The Lancet Neurology, 3(6), 343–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(04)00767-7
Gates, N. J., Sachdev, P. S., Fiatarone Singh, M. A. & Valenzuela, M. (2011). Cognitive and memory training in adults at risk of dementia: A systematic review. BMC Geriatrics, 11, 55. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-11-55
Glass, T. A., Freedman, M., Carlson, M. C., Hill, J., Frick, K. D., Ialongo, N., McGill, S., Rebok, G. W., Seeman, T., Tielsch, J. M., Wasik, B. A. & Zeger, S. (2006). Experience Corps: Design of an intergenerational program to boost social capital and promote the health of an aging society. Journal of Urban Health, 83(5), 941–957. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-006-9032-3
Havighurst, R. J. (1961). Successful aging. The Gerontologist, 1(1), 8–13. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/1.1.8
Hertzog, C., Kramer, A. F., Wilson, R. S. & Lindenberger, U. (2009). Enrichment effects on adult cognitive development. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 9(1), 1–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6053.2009.01034.x
Hultsch, D. F., Hertzog, C., Small, B. J. & Dixon, R. A. (1999). Use it or lose it: Engaged lifestyle as a buffer of cognitive decline in aging? Psychology and Aging, 14(2), 245–263. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.14.2.245
Katz, S. (2000). Busy bodies: Activity, aging, and the management of everyday life. Journal of Aging Studies, 14(2), 135–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0890-4065(00)80008-0
Kelly, M. E., Loughrey, D., Lawlor, B. A., Robertson, I. H., Walsh, C. & Brennan, S. (2014). The impact of cognitive training and mental stimulation on cognitive and everyday functioning of healthy older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Research Reviews, 15, 28–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2014.02.004
Lampit, A., Hallock, H. & Valenzuela, M. (2014). Computerized cognitive training in cognitively healthy older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS Medicine, 11(11), e1001756. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001756
Levasseur, M., Richard, L., Gauvin, L. & Raymond, É. (2010). Inventory and analysis of definitions of social participation found in the aging literature: Proposed taxonomy of social activities. Social Science & Medicine, 71(12), 2141–2149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.09.041
Livingston, G., Huntley, J., Sommerlad, A., Ames, D., Ballard, C., Banerjee, S., Brayne, C., Burns, A., Cohen-Mansfield, J., Cooper, C., Costafreda, S. G., Dias, A., Fox, N., Gitlin, L. N., Howard, R., Kales, H. C., Kivimäki, M., Larson, E. B., Ogunniyi, A., ... Mukadam, N. (2020). Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission. The Lancet, 396(10248), 413–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30367-6
Menec, V. H. (2003). The relation between everyday activities and successful aging: A 6-year longitudinal study. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 58(2), S74–S82. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/58.2.S74
Moulaert, T. & Garon, S. (Eds.). (2016). Age-friendly cities and communities in international comparison: Political lessons, scientific avenues, and democratic issues. Springer.
Narushima, M. (2008). More than nickels and dimes: The health benefits of a community-based lifelong learning programme for older adults. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 27(6), 673–692. https://doi.org/10.1080/02601370802408332
Ngandu, T., Lehtisalo, J., Solomon, A., Levälahti, E., Ahtiluoto, S., Antikainen, R., Bäckman, L., Hänninen, T., Jula, A., Laatikainen, T., Lindström, J., Mangialasche, F., Paajanen, T., Pajala, S., Peltonen, M., Rauramaa, R., Stigsdotter-Neely, A., Strandberg, T., Tuomilehto, J., ... Kivipelto, M. (2015). A 2-year multidomain intervention of diet, exercise, cognitive training, and vascular risk monitoring versus control to prevent cognitive decline in at-risk elderly people: A randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 385(9984), 2255–2263. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60461-5
Park, D. C. & Bischof, G. N. (2013). The aging mind: Neuroplasticity in response to cognitive training. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 15(1), 109–119. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2013.15.1/dpark
Rebok, G. W., Ball, K., Guey, L. T., Jones, R. N., Kim, H. Y., King, J. W., Marsiske, M., Morris, J. N., Tennstedt, S. L., Unverzagt, F. W., Willis, S. L. & ACTIVE Study Group. (2014). Ten-year effects of the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly cognitive training trial on cognition and everyday functioning in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 62(1), 16–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.12607
Rowe, J. W. & Kahn, R. L. (1997). Successful aging. The Gerontologist, 37(4), 433–440. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/37.4.433
Rowe, J. W. & Kahn, R. L. (1998). Successful aging. Pantheon Books.
Scarmeas, N. & Stern, Y. (2003). Cognitive reserve and lifestyle. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 25(5), 625–633. https://doi.org/10.1076/jcen.25.5.625.14576
Shankar, A., Hamer, M., McMunn, A. & Steptoe, A. (2013). Social isolation and loneliness: Relationships with cognitive function during 4 years of follow-up in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Psychosomatic Medicine, 75(2), 161–170. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e31827f09cd
Spector, A., Thorgrimsen, L., Woods, B., Royan, L., Davies, S., Butterworth, M. & Orrell, M. (2003). Efficacy of an evidence-based cognitive stimulation therapy programme for people with dementia: Randomised controlled trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 183(3), 248–254. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.183.3.248
Stern, Y. (2002). What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 8(3), 448–460. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617702813248
Stern, Y. (2012). Cognitive reserve in ageing and Alzheimer’s disease. The Lancet Neurology, 11(11), 1006–1012. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70191-6
Tucker, A. M. & Stern, Y. (2011). Cognitive reserve in aging. Current Alzheimer Research, 8(4), 354–360. https://doi.org/10.2174/156720511795745320
Valenzuela, M. & Sachdev, P. (2009). Can cognitive exercise prevent the onset of dementia? Systematic review of randomized clinical trials with longitudinal follow-up. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17(3), 179–187. https://doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181953b57
Walker, A. (2002). A strategy for active ageing. International Social Security Review, 55(1), 121–139. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-246X.00118
Walker, A. (2006). Active ageing in employment: Its meaning and potential. Asia-Pacific Review, 13(1), 78–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/13439000600697621
Whalley, L. J., Deary, I. J., Appleton, C. L. & Starr, J. M. (2004). Cognitive reserve and the neurobiology of cognitive aging. Ageing Research Reviews, 3(4), 369–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2004.05.001
Willis, S. L., Tennstedt, S. L., Marsiske, M., Ball, K., Elias, J., Koepke, K. M., Morris, J. N., Rebok, G. W., Unverzagt, F. W., Stoddard, A. M., Wright, E. & ACTIVE Study Group. (2006). Long-term effects of cognitive training on everyday functional outcomes in older adults. JAMA, 296(23), 2805–2814. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.296.23.2805
Withnall, A. (2010). Improving learning in later life. Routledge.
Woods, B., Aguirre, E., Spector, A. E. & Orrell, M. (2012). Cognitive stimulation to improve cognitive functioning in people with dementia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2012(2), CD005562. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005562.pub2
World Health Organization. (2002). Active ageing: A policy framework. World Health Organization.
World Health Organization. (2015). World report on ageing and health. World Health Organization.
World Health Organization & United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2016). Global strategy and action plan on ageing and health. World Health Organization.
Zaidi, A., Gasior, K., Hofmarcher, M. M., Lelkes, O., Marin, B., Rodrigues, R., Schmidt, A., Vanhuysse, P. & Zolyomi, E. (2017). Measuring active and healthy ageing in Europe. Journal of European Social Policy, 27(2), 138–157. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958928716676550
Este trabalho encontra-se publicado com a Licença Internacional Creative Commons Atribuição 4.0.
Direitos de Autor (c) 2026 Bruno Santos, Ana Galvão, Ala Silvia